The building and construction sector currently accounts for approx. 4.5 per cent of Norway’s greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are derived mainly from fossil fuels used for transport and the operation of construction machinery.
If we switch to electric machinery, we will see lower levels of emissions, less noise and pollution, better air quality and, as a result, a better working environment.
To date, electric machinery has been tested on construction sites in Oslo, where there is otherwise good access to the grid.
SINTEF has carried out an assessment showing that, for the most part, electrification of these sites works very well in spite of challenges related to electricity supply and charging that may arise when several heavy machines are being used simultaneously.
One criterion for success is that the municipality involved stipulates clear requirements in relation to emissions-free building and construction sites, as is the case in Oslo. It is also prerequisite that there is adequate facility for the charging and operation of the machinery.
The experience obtained in Oslo is now to be applied to improve procurement requirements for Rogaland County Authority.
Aiming to electrify major construction sites with limited access to the grid
But how easy is it to make more remote construction sites entirely independent of fossil fuels? And what do we do to meet the needs of energy-demanding activities and heavy machinery?
“It is entirely possible to scale up the systems tested on the construction sites in Oslo, but meeting the energy requirements will require different approaches”, says Marianne R. Kjendseth Wiik, who is a research scientist at SINTEF.
Kjendseth Wiik has been looking into the energy and output requirements of a site in Gjesdal municipality in Rogaland, which is planned to be operated entirely electrically. She has also evaluated the energy resources available in the vicinity.
The Kluge industrial tip is currently being used for the interim storage of rock waste from construction sites. It will soon become a test arena for heavy electric construction machinery. Photo: SINTEF
Today, the Kluge industrial tip in Gjesdal in Rogaland is a regional centre for the interim storage of rock waste from construction sites. The main activities taking place there include the recycling, crushing and transport of rock waste, which are very energy-demanding processes. When the site has been fully electrified, it has been calculated that the local grid will not have the capacity to meet peak load demand.
Renewable ‘combination package’
An entirely emissions-free construction site requires a new energy system that meets both the overall energy requirements of the site and the output peaks that occur when several machines are in operation simultaneously. For this reason, researchers are looking into systems incorporating a combination of solar panels, batteries and hydrogen generators to provide supplementary electricity to power the machinery.
An illustration of the energy consumption of the various different machines in operation on the Kluge site:
The figure below shows the results of an energy modelling study performed by SINTEF to calculate the energy and electricity required to power the various machines in operation on the site, including large excavators and wheel loaders. The modelling is based on the current site operations plan.
The figure above illustrates how much energy and electricity are needed to power the various machines in operation on the site.
“All energy sources and energy carriers have their benefits and shortcomings”, says Kjendseth Wiik. “Our challenge is to find out how the various technologies should be combined to achieve optimally efficient and profitable operations. There is also a need to facilitate efficient charging and operation of the machines”, she says.
If everything goes according to plan, the first entirely electric machines will be undergoing tests at the Kluge site during 2024.
The project Utslippsfri byggeprosess i Rogaland (An emissions-free construction process in Rogaland) is being funded by the Rogaland Regional Research Fund. The project partners include SINTEF, the Rogaland County Authority, the machine and equipment leasing company Rental.one, construction contractors RISA, electrical equipment contractors Eldrift, the green energy company Westgass Hydrogen, green energy facilitators PSW Automation, solar energy contractors Norsolar and Gjesdal municipality.
