Abstract
Co-simulation is the modular and flexible coupling of stand-alone simulation models. It promises to help unlock the maritime industry's digitalization potential, but the correct and efficient handling of coordinate systems between models is one of the unsolved challenges that stand in the way of wide-spread adoption. Here, we give a brief introduction to the problem and describe what makes it especially difficult for co-simulations. We introduce a few of the most common models and provide a list of coordinate systems and reference frames used in maritime co-simulations. Focusing on hull and gangway models, we explore general solution approaches and provide practical advice for how to handle coordinate systems in co-simulations using a vessel–gangway simulation case for illustration.
