Abstract
The presentation discusses low-cost monitoring strategies for CO₂ storage, comparing the costs of SPARSE monitoring with conventional methods. It highlights that monitoring costs vary widely, from tens of thousands to millions of dollars, depending on factors such as project size, geological setting, risk, and data processing requirements. Recommendations include optimizing monitoring strategies through systematic cost-benefit analysis, integrating risk assessment, and developing scalable data processing methods. The goal is to balance cost efficiency with effective long-term monitoring while addressing stakeholder concerns and regulatory requirements.